Labor Market For University Graduates Economics Essay

Labor Market For University Graduates Economics Essay For quite some time, Egypt has suffered chronic unemployment with the unemployment rates hovering during the past decade well above 9 percent. Like several other developing countries, the unemployment problem in Egypt is prevalent among university graduates. In 2008, almost 17 percent of Egypts labor force had a university degree. University graduates, however, represented approximately one third of the unemployed labor versus 2% of illiterates (CAPMAS 2008). The noticeably high unemployment rates among university graduates represent a heavy drain on the countrys scarce human and financial resources. Those distortions in the graduates labor market in terms of skills needed by employers and those offered by workers are mainly the outcome of prolonged policies that failed to promote economic growth and increase employment. Although, Egypt took a concrete steps and adopted active labor market policies towards the youth, the mismatch problem still exists. Gobbi (2005) diagnosed this phenomenon as follows: the existence of poor data on the labor demand needs, it is difficult to cope with dynamics of the labor market, only 5% received guidance from the authority to training centers and finally the low quality of the training due to lack of funds, shortage of competent trainers, scarcity of modern equipment and innovative methods, and insufficient course duration. Those distortions highlights the need to understand the status and imbalances in the university graduates labor markets and identify appropriate strategies to reduce unemployment and improve the well being and opportunities of the university graduates. Although individual welfare in Egypt is correlated with university graduation,[1] the labor markets for university graduates has not been sufficiently efficient. The inefficiencies are an outcome of the particular structure and features of those markets on both the demand and suplly sides. There is an extensive body of research literature that examines the main features of the labor markets for university graduates in Egypt. The research suggests that the field of study— classified according to academic department—has a significant effect on the labor market for the university graduates. For instance, it is likely that the medical school, pharmacy and engineering graduates may—on average—achieve better labor market outcomes in comparison with the holders of Bachelor of Arts degrees. Moreover, the nature of the university ownership (public, private or foreign) may affect its graduates labor market opportunities and expected lifetime incomes. Further, there is an increasing tendency towards recruiting graduates from foreign universities/sections. Hence, graduates from Arabic sections in commerce and law —for example— dont have the opportunity to penetrate the labor market. The same applies to faculties that do not generate the re quired skilled labor for the society like humanities and agriculture (OECD and IBRD-The World Bank 2010). Gender-specific differences—particularly on the demand side—have been observed to influence the labor market decisions and potentials for the university graduates leading to unequivocal male dominance. This is manifested by the staggering 71 percent representation of males in the total number of employed university graduates. Other personal, demographic, spatial and household characteristics influence the graduates labor market decisions importantly, marital status and location of residence. According to the 1998 and 2006 Egyptian Labor Market Surveys, unmarried women experienced faster transition from university-to-work vis-à  -vis married women. Alternatively, university graduates in urban areas represent almost 70 percent of the total number of employed university graduates owing to the low number of job opportunities suitable for their skills in the rural region. The rural university graduates access to employment and wage potentials is further curtailed by the hig h economic costs of migration across the rural urban divide generally because of the higher costs of urban reallocation. The above characteristics imply that the university graduates labor markets in Egypt are highly segmented. They are also influenced by non-competitive forces, which act as barriers to equitable access to employment opportunities and to fair wage compensations. Hence, personal, clan- and family-based connections and networks, communal norms and opportunistic rent-seeking behavior can pay for having a good job and raise the probability of accessing the labor market. As in many developing countries, there is a mismatch between Egyptian university graduates labor market realities and its institutions. Moreover, Employment Guarantee Scheme established in the 1960s lead to lowering the quality of education at all levels, and the growing number of graduates led to queuing for government jobs (Birdsall and OConnell 1999). Examining the characteristics of informal workers in 1998 and 2006 marked the increase in the share of youth (20-29 years old) among informal workers. Moreover, the share of university graduates has increased slightly over this period suggesting that more university graduates are informally employed in 2006 than in 1998 (Wahba 2009). Based on what shown above the Egyptian educational expansion is not translated into higher productivity and income for graduates, instead it induces diminishing returns. The reasons behind that are the shortage of Egypts education policy to efficient-enhancing discipline necessary for enhancing the graduated workers competitiveness in the export market, and the labor market regime and regulations that leads to an increase in the cost of labor and rigidities in the labor market (Birdsall and OConnell 1999). Therefore, it is of paramount interest that all players in the graduates labor market- the government, the university system administrators, employers and graduates themselves- must endeavor to put an end to this vicious circle. The main object of this research is to analyze the structure of the labor market for university graduates in Egypt and suggest pragmatic strategies to increase its efficiency. Because of the statistical deficiencies of the labor market data in Egypt, the proposed research will be based on a new stylized dataset for the supply and demand for university graduates. The remainder of this proposal is divided as follows. II. Objective The proposed research aims at informing the Egyptian decision makers in addressing fundamental policy issues concerning the supply and demand of university graduates and their movements in the labor markets. Consequently, the analysis should be able to improve the decision makers understanding of the different factors driving unemployment not only among university graduates but also in the overall economy via studying the processes and market and non-market institutions involved in the flow of university graduates in and out of establishments, university graduates (mis)match with jobs and the distribution of university graduates across sectors. Importantly, the study will consider the determination of the wage structure and the relationship of vacancies and unemployment cross different sectors and year of graduation. Specifically, the research will cover the following main issues. 1. Analysis of the structure of the Egyptian university graduates labor markets. This includes an overview of the relative wage/earnings structure (including all types of benefits) and the sources of wage inequality by type of employment, job, gender, enterprise, demographic characteristics, region, etc. The study will aim at examining the university graduates labor supply and demand sides. Hence, the study shall explore the different dimensions of the incentives that graduates have—including the various factors that affect their reservation wages—to provide labor services and to offer a specific number of hours of work per week and per year. The study shall differentiate between the incentives facing men and women separately, which determine the observed choices for the uses of time including the role of wages and job characteristics (stability, private/government, etc.), years of experience, family status, wage differentials by sex, informality, paid/nonpaid jobs, fam ily/personal income, type of enterprise, marital status and other households, community environment, firms and sectoral characteristics. 2. The main object of study shall aim at providing a detailed taxonomy of the structure of the demand for Egyptian university graduates. The study will generally aim at identifying the incentives of different firms and enterprises to hire graduates and the factors that influence job openings hires. In addition, different elasticities shall be estimated to evaluate the firms years of experience/skill graduates demand mix considering the prevailing relative wage, costs of production and market and non market institutional arrangements. Particular emphasis will be given to government and public sector demand for graduates that is influenced by both socioeconomic and political considerations. Finally, the study shall evaluate whether too much education is being produced relative to the needs of the different employers and whether there is a mismatch between the job characteristics and the graduates qualifications. 3. The study will examine the effect and role that grades have to play in the Egyptian university graduates labor market by type and spatial allocation of university and by type of employment private/public/government, formal/informal, temporary/tenured/seasonal, etc. The study shall consider the effect of grades on job and career prospects when entering the labor market. It will also examine whether or not these effects are transitory and whether they change (positively/negatively) over time. The study, therefore, shall test and analyze the relation between grades and annual wages—per formal and per actual hours of work—at different time intervals (years) after graduation to capture the age impact of the university graduates final grades. 4. The study shall examine the effect of minimum wage on the number of hours worked and on the structure of the wage distribution across sectors in Egypt focusing on university graduates. The study will determine the discrepancies in the length of the period needed for the youngest inexperienced vs. the older workers to decide exiting the minimum wage and identify graduates who would be most probably affected. The study shall extend the employment and wage effects of adopting the minimum wage policy on both the formal and informal sectors. This should provide the decision makers with guidelines for the design of an appropriate minimum wage policy that takes into consideration the profile of minimum wage employees and their productivity. 5. The study aims at measuring the intergenerational economic and social mobility among university graduates in Egypt by measuring the degree to which the graduates circumstances at birth, family background and ties with and membership in different communities can affect their employment and wage level. In addition, the study will probe into how status in the social hierarchy system changes throughout the course of the graduates career based on their own effort. The findings of the study will be employed to analyze the linkages between key socioeconomic variables including education attainment, persons skill and quality of performance, wage rate, job security and stability and equitable access to opportunities. Differences in opportunities—owing to the individuals own rank within the family/community, place of residence e.g., urban/rural, upper/lower and other relevant socioeconomic and demographic characteristics—will be identified. 6. Policy evaluation—based on the findings derived from the studies 1-5—to formulate policy informative guiding principles and design doable strategies for reducing unemployment and incidence of joblessness among Egyptian university graduates, increasing their earning potentials and employment opportunities and promising them better access to the labor markets both at the present time and in the future. The strategies shall be cast within an amenable format that can be easily implemented by the decision makers. III. Data Sources Graduate survey Survey on the labor market outcomes of graduates from the higher education system in Egypt, data will be collected through a multistage stratified random sample. The strata are all the academic departments and the graduation year. There will be an oversampling for the private schools to deal with their absent in the past. The questionnaire will study some demographic characteristics ,the job situation of graduates, type of the job and duties characteristics, educational requirements for the job, the match between their studies and their graduate job (education-job match), past jobs (jobs history). They were also asked whether they had taken any postgraduate studies or any training programs (training purpose, type of training and the corresponding cost), and if they had any experience with mobility. To study the effect and role that grades have to play in the Egyptian university graduates labor market, the questionnaire should have question about the cumulative grade that the graduate got on the final year of school. For some cases, when the GPA will be available, the graduate score will be converted to have the same grade system. Specific section with detailed questions for graduates who were unemployed and some other questions about the communities surround the graduates. This survey will be conducte d quarterly to capture the seasonality effect. Establishment survey The survey sample should represent all establishments in all economy sectors. Multistage stratified sample will be conducted. Some establishment characteristics will be taken into consideration such as the geographic region, public or private establishment and establishment size. Some specific sub surveys could be conducted: informal survey and micro-survey for enterprise that has less than 5 employees. The questionnaire will study all things that encourage different establishments to hire graduates, all the socioeconomic and political considerations that are related to hiring new employees. Some establishments require special training programs, so there will be some questions about the purpose of the training program, the cost, and the places that provide such training. It is important also to ask about the factors that influence new job openings. There will be also questions about the annual wages, working days, formal and actual working hours, cost of production and full- and part-time workers who are paid a wage or salary and some other questions about the communities surround the establishments. The survey will be conducted at the end of the fiscal year. To test the design and check its feasibility, a pilot study will be conducted for each of the two surveys. IV. Expected Budget Level Estimate US $ Overall Project Costs Human Resources Lead Economist Economic Expert(S) Statistics Expert(s) Economic Researchers Statisticians Conducting the survey Software and Equipments Workshops and Eeminars Bibliography Amer, M. 2007.Transition from Education to Work. Egypt Country Report. European Training Foundation (ETF) Working document. Birdsall, Nancy and Lesley OConnell. 1999. Putting Education to Work in Egypt. Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics (CAPMAS). 2008. Labor force Sample Survey. www.capmas.gov.eg Chen, M.and J. Vanek. 2005. Informal employment: rethinking workforce development. In Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs Labor Markets and Informal Work in Egypt, El Salvador, India, Russia, and South Africa. Ed. By Avirgan, T., L. Josh Bivens and Sarah Gammage. Global Policy Network. Economic Policy Institute. El Zannaty and Associates. 2007. School-to-work Transition: Evidence from Egypt. Employment Policy Papers; 2007/2. Employment Policy Department, ILO. El-Haddad, A. 2009. Labor Market Gender Discrimination under Structural Adjustment: The Case of Egypt. Working Paper #003, SRC/CIDA Research Program on Gender and Work. Social Research Center, The American University in Cairo and the Canadian International Development Agency. El-Mahdi, A. and M. Amer. 2005. Egypt: Growing Informality, 1990-2003. Chapter 1 in Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs Labor Markets and Informal Work in Egypt, El Salvador, India, Russia, and South Africa. Ed. By Avirgan, T., L. Josh Bivens and Sarah Gammage. Global Policy Network. Economic Policy Institute. Galal, Ahmed. 2002. The Paradox of Education and Unemployment in Egypt Working. Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). Paper No. 67. Gobbi, M. 2007. Flexibility and security in labour markets of developing countries. In search of decent work for all Employment. Paper No. 2007/6 Policy Papers Employment Policy Department, ILO, Geneva. Gobbi, M. and N. Alena. 2005. Towards a New Balance between Labour Market Flexibility and Employment Security for Egypt. ILO. National Tripartite Symposium on Employment Policy in Egypt (16-17 January 2005, Cairo). Kenawy, Ezzat Molouk. 2006. University Education and its Relation to Development in Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2(12): 1270-1284. OECD and World Bank. 2010.Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Egypt. Pauw, Kalie, Mornà © Oosthuizen, and Carlene van der Westhuizen. 2006. Graduate Unemployment in the Face of Skills Shortages: A Labour Market Paradox. Development Policy Research Unit. DPRU Working Paper 06/114. Radwan, Samir. 2002. Employment and Unemployment in Egypt: Conventional Problems, Unconventional Remedies. Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). Working Paper No. 70. Wahba, J. 2009. Informality in Egypt: a Stepping Stone or a Dead End? Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 456.

Hero and Ceremony

The Monomyth The monomyth is a recurring, underlying theme that many writers follow not only intentionally but unintentionally as well; it follows the hero throughout the novel and explains the success of many mainstream novels. The monomyth is in its entirety he hero’s journey, beginning with the departure, then the initiation and ending with the return.In the novel of ceremony there is no real sense of time there are many flashback’s but there still is a monomyth and it also fills many of the categories to be one. Our hero in ceremony is Tayo even though he is not the average hero with great strength or intelligence but a hero who has an inner battle with himself and stress; he falls into the category of a romantic hero.The refusal in the monomyth has 6 step’s and ceremony manages to cover 5 of them , the first being the refusal and in ceremony it is not as a genuine refusal but a morale one that he wishes to continue to be accepted and not belittled by just be ing native American by the white people, during the war he was accepted and considered a hero by white people but when his uniform was off and he was returned home he was thought less of just because of his ethnicity so the real refusal here is his refusal to return to blatant racism even if it is not direct.A hero must also have a rescue from without that lets the audience see that even heroes are mortal and require help or rescue at one point to appeal to pathos or emotion. Tayo’s issue or battle with post-traumatic stress that causes him to drink to try to escape the sadness and memories of all his friends and loved ones death in the war, he is from without and also has a personal identity crisis that troubles him throughout the novel.The crossing of the threshold in the novel is not marked by a arduous task or magnanimous event but subtle and gentle , after meeting the â€Å"the woman† in the mountains who help’s Tayo with catching Josiah’s cattle or â€Å"the cattle of his dreams throughout his and her meeting by the last meeting Tayo feel’s much better about himself and his heritage, Tayo officially crosses the threshold after freeing the cattle of Josiah from a white man’s ranch but shows him the bill of sale and the cattle are wrangled to the woman’s house, so Tayo gets Robert and they head to the woman’s cabin and when they arrive the cattle are corralled in old Indian fashion and the house is abandoned and a few months after that Grandma claim’s he’s cured but Tayo’s true cure come when he puts an end to the ceremony, which is when Emo comes chasing him and torture Harley, a little before this. Tayo runs into a uranium mine and notices from the patterns on in the mine that it is the final stage of his ceremony.Master of two world's is when the hero realizes that there is nothing separating the new world from old world and is has a better understand and in ceremony this step is very clear when Tayo is finally cured and even a bit before that he is at peace with his old memories and sense of loss and his major self-realization that renders knowledge is after having relations with the woman in the mountain's he knows that the land and people you love are never truly lost because they had existed in the first place. The hero's final step is the Freedom to Live, Tayo with his new found knowledge of himself and the land is finally able to live at peace with himself and calm his inner demons to no longer cause nightmares and be able to live his life as a regular Indian now accepted by the tribe.

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job.

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job. The History of List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job. Refuted For additional realism I would offer simulated clearances and he'd respond appropriately. A level of stress is always present as a single moment of inattention or a very simple oversight or miscalculation can result in a catastrophe. The conflicts between both parties can be wholly avoided. It's also so as to warn governments that privatization of ATC isn't a panacea. These require a high degree of wisdom and expertise, together with a high amount of responsibility, with respect to risking lives as well as the high financial expenses of aeronautical pursuits. A secondary purpose is to regulate the aircraft traffic and supply the essential info to the crews, including weather reports and navigational choices. Job redesigning will help in improving the heal th and security of the air traffic controllers in addition to improve the wellness of the organization. Steps can be taken to enhance the work planning involved with the work and to boost the reliability of the working systems. However, it's argued that teens' brains are somewhat more active in morning hours and thus the should wake them early to learn. Libraries could close earlier so students must return to their dorms. Students' academic performance for a whole can be hurt if they aren't getting enough sleep. They don't realize the way that it affects them the following day or within the next week or years from now. If students may learn to manage their time and put it to use wisely, they can effectively avoid sleep deprivation. They will often lose a certain amount of sleep every night for several nights. When students in high school go to sleep late, they are inclined to get so few hours of sleep all the time on account of the time they must wake up the following morni ng. It is not just performance on tests, it's the ability to learn new info and retain that info. Research Implications More research is required to comprehend the repercussions of fatigue on patient safety. The One Thing to Do for List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job. Sleep Deprivation is a developing problem in our society today, particularly for students. The key goals for strikers were to secure much better pay, decrease working hours and enhance the general working conditions depending on the stresses of their jobs. Attempting to do a job whilst sleep deprived often results in bad job performance, something most of us want to prevent. However, students might not understand that absence of sleep is really hurting their academic success, in place of adding to it. The Do's and Don'ts of List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job. This is since there are almost as many benefits since there are disadvantage s. Assess the factors having contributed to the growth of on-line education. Another benefit is that the personal enterprises are going to be able to charge user fees assuring them of a normal revenue flow. They frequently blame it on other elements. Just take a look at the causes and effects of lousy hygiene. It is essential for people to understand that sleep deprivation is a developing problem and that it may pose serious medical and wellness issues. Sleep deficiency also raises the probability of obesity. This cycle of continuous sleep deprivation is extremely harmful and difficult to escape from. The damage from sleep deficiency can happen in an instant (for instance, an auto crash), or it may harm you over time. Studies also demonstrate that sleep deficiency alters activity in some regions of the brain. Sleep deficiency leads to a higher than normal blood glucose level, which might increase your chance for diabetes. As a consequence, it is not only harmful on a personal level, but it also can cause large-scale damage. Continuing sleep deficiency is associated with an increased probability of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, higher blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke. For example, it can raise your risk for some chronic health problems. Teens lack sleep due to many reasons which might be justifiable or not. Regardless of the comprehension of the wellness issues related to poor sleeping habits, the teens themselves are the huge hindrance to getting a 9hours sleep time each day. I realize how harmful absence of sleep is, but sometimes it cannot be avoided. Gettin g enough excellent sleep at the ideal times can help safeguard your mental wellbeing, physical wellbeing, quality of life, and safety. It helps you function well throughout the day. If this is the case, you may have experienced microsleep. For instance, if you're sleep deficient, you might have trouble fighting common infections. Their day-to-day agenda is composed mainly of keeping tabs on planes on radar screens. Two commercial airliners were made to land by themselves. Air traffic controllers were accountable for the information of flying planes, like the place of a specific plane. They are also able to tell planes when they will need to modify their altitude. Further steps must be taken with society as a whole to protect against this. As a way to be the very best, students must stay informed about their school work and studying to be able to succeed. They need to realize the importance of sleep to maintain a healthy lifestyle. They tend to live in the now. This makes it especially tricky for students to keep on track. Consider the root of students' unwillingness to receive up early in the morning. Have a look at the root of student expulsions from universities. A great number of details must be remembered and factored into every choice. Figure out why Christmas trees became a sign of winter holidays. This trend was followed for quite a little while now and it's being found that an increasing number of individuals are trading their sleeping time in doing different pursuits. You can't control microsleep, and you may not take note of it. Whatever the case, the crew is liable for the security of the flight and could deviate from the directions in emergency conditions. It is essential that you do for your security and the security of your coworkers. List of Essay Topics on Air Traffic Control Sleep Deprivation on the Job. Explained But we know we'll want to do more. Students push themselves to secure much better grades, and with numerous classes, don't find plenty of time for sleep. Examine the outcome of eating in class.

Essay The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia

The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia When Sergei Witte became minister of finance in Russia in 1892 he recognised that the economy had to be modernised if Russia was to become a world power on a par with the west. The Industrial Revolution that had taken place in the west had led to its massive economic growth and an increase in power and Empire building. Being able to buy cheap, raw materials like oil and coal from Russia fuelled part of the west’s industrial revolution. Witte decided that Russia needed state Capitalism to modernise. He borrowed capital and encouraged investment from the west and large factories began to produce heavy industry like steel. Witte imposed†¦show more content†¦Wittes economic policy seemed to be working as by 1897 the Russian currency, the Rouble, was put on the Gold Standard which gave it value in exchange with other currencies. But there were other problems that were beginning to undermine Wittes visions for a successful economy. Although a brilliant mind, Witte was not an easy man to get on with and he was not popular with the Tsarist court or the government. Change was resisted and Witte had no support for his vision of a richer, more powerful, modernised Russia. There was also conflict with the military commanders who pushed their needs for transport and military hardware to the top of the economic agenda. These conflicts interfered with Wittes plans and so by the time of the Great Trade Recession at the turn of the century, critics could identify three major weaknesses in his economic reform. Witte paid To drive his economic reform through without support or interest from the Tsarist court or the government Witte (who was German) brought in many experienced foreign industrialist and capital from the west to manage and finance his projects. This was not at all popular with the Tsar or Russia who did not trust him. Wittes industrial projects were always large and on a grand scale. He failed to nurture light engineering projects which would have helped to moderniseShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification